I would suspect, in case, of bad or little highter impedence on vias?
Vias should be a normal part of the circuit, so will have a continuity close to 0.1 Ohms. Anything much higher means the via is open circuit.
Don't rule out the possibility of an accidental solder short between two lines. This can be harder to find, because the end-to-end continuity will measure OK, but it will also be joined to some other unknown line. You can usually see this condition on the scope, since if two logic outputs are incorrectly joined, you'll see 'halfway' logic levels as opposed to the usual 0v to 4-5V waveform.
Solder joints on the PLCC look OK. Rework temperature of 380°C is good. Could have also been a coincidence that a weakened via somewhere has been damaged while you were performing the rework on U3. Anything is a possibility when there's been corrosion damage.
Graphics issues could also be caused by a fault with U2/Agnus, as that performs the graphics data move operations during the 'insert disk' animation. Though I don't see how that would have failed from what you were doing.
The fastest way to progress at this point would be to get a working A500, A2000 or another A600; power the good working machine up on the 'insert disk' screen, and do the same with this problem A600. Doesn't have to be connected to a monitor. Use the scope to compare each pin on U2/Agnus and U3/Paula between the good and problem machines to identify any signal differences while viewing the 'insert disk' animation on both machines, especially noting specific signal activity while the disk animation is moving. Note there are some pin number differences, A500/A2000 have the 8364 in DIP48 package, the 8364 in A600 is PLCC44. There are also a few minor pin function differences between the 8371/8372 in A500/A2000 and the 8375 in A600.