However, I can transfer quite a bit of the stuff this way.
Right, but it doesn´t help the OP, because he needs his initial Workbench disk to read anything that isn´t FFS or OFS formatted. You need PC0: to read FAT/MS-DOS and this is not in the Kickstart.
You could however use Public domain software to get there. There are many bootable PD-disks some of them even include a stripped down Workbench. And then there is (IIRC) e.g. MessyDos (MD0:) which will do the same thing as workbenchs PC0:.
If you want to go this way you should have at least 1M of RAM or better - a second diskdrive. It will take some time to get up and running.
It´s perhaps easier to get a preowned copy of Workbench on eBay.