Jens specifically states in the docs that the Catweasle does not work with Amiga floppy drives. With all the different cable combinations and trying the Amiga floppy drive, perhaps you have inadvertently damaged your Catweasle card?
My guess is that it is a driver installation problem. I had some trouble installing the drivers on my XP Pro tower that was intermittent and caused me to have to re-install the drivers many times. I finally removed the card because I needed the slot for something else, but plan to install it in a dedicated Amiga emulation & dual boot Linux box later.